FedInvent™ Patent Applications
New Taxpayer Funded Applications for Thursday, November 10, 2022
This page was updated on Thursday, November 10, 2022 at 05:46 PM GMT
FedInvent analyzed 126 taxpayer funded patent applications this week.
On Thursday, November 10, 2022, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) published 126 patent applications; including 119 applications containing government interest statements and 22 applications where federal government agencies were an assignee or applicant on the patent application. Together, 126 patent applications published this week are the result of U.S. Government funded research & development.
Learn More About Taxpayer Funded Patents HereThe List of This Week's Patent Applications
Just a list — patent application publication number with a link and the title, for those patentistas who like to browse.
About the Icons On Patent Application ListAbout The Icons On the List Below
- The icon takes you to the full text version of the patent application at USPTO;
- The icon takes you to the PDF version of the patent application at USPTO; and
- The icon takes you to the details about the patent on the FedInvent Details page.
- When you use the icon the patent you are interested appears at the top of the list on the details page.
Patent Applications Count By Department
The count of taxpayer-funded patents granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) this week that contain a Government Interest Statement in the body of the patent documents or where the government is an assignee. Agency numbers are aggregated by the agency named in the Government Interests Statement and the contract number cited in the patent.
| Department | This Week | This Year |
|---|---|---|
| Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) | 65 | 3602 |
| Department of Defense (DOD) | 32 | 1597 |
| Department of Energy (DOE) | 19 | 1177 |
| National Science Foundation (NSF) | 17 | 1194 |
| Small Business Administration (SBA) | 4 | 101 |
| Department of Agriculture (USDA) | 3 | 126 |
| United States Postal Service (USPS) | 2 | 38 |
| Department of the Interior (DOI) | 1 | 10 |
| Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) | 1 | 12 |
| National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) | 1 | 196 |
Patent Applications by Funding Agency
FedInvent Patents reflects patents with Government Interests Statements in the body of the patent as required by the Bayh-Dole Act indicating the holder of a federal contract, grant, or cooperative agreement has elected to retain the title of inventions conceived and reduced to practice during that contract; and patents where an agency of the US Federal government has elected to retain the title to the patent.
About the Icons On Patent Application ListAbout The Icons On the List Below
- The icon takes you to the full text version of the patent application at USPTO;
- The icon takes you to the PDF version of the patent application at USPTO; and
- The icon takes you to the details about the patent on the FedInvent Details page.
- When you use the icon the patent you are interested appears at the top of the list on the details page.
Click the Panel to See The Patent Application for Each Agency
Department of Defense (DOD) Agencies
Department of the ARMY (DOA)
Department of the Navy (DON) | United States Marine Corps (USMC)
Department of the Air Force (DAF)| United States Space Force (USSF)
Emerging Technology
Emerging Climate Change Technologies
Patents containing 'Y" CPC symbols indicate emerging technologies important to US scientific leadership.
Patent documents that contain a Y02 or Y04 CPC symbol are already classified elsewhere. USPTO add the Y symbols to the classification data is to monitor new technological development covering clean technology and inventions impacting climate change, important American science and technology interests.
Y02 — Green House Gas Mitigation — Y02 covers selected technologies, which control, reduce or prevent anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), in the framework of the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement, and technologies that allow adapting to the adverse effects of climate change. Y02A covers technologies for adaptation to climate change, — technologies that allow adapting to the adverse effects of climate change in human, industrial (including agriculture and livestock), and economic activities. Y02P covers climate change mitigation technologies in any kind of industrial processing or production activity, including the agroalimentary industry (relating to agriculture and food), agriculture, fishing, ranching, and the like.
Y04 — Enabling Technologies — Y04 is focused on the information and communications inventions that facilitate climate change technology. Y04S covers systems integrating technologies related to power network operation, communication or information technologies for improving electrical power generation, transmission, distribution, management, or usage. Examples of the art covered here are technologies related to smart grids, home appliances, and systems supporting the interoperability of electric or hybrid vehicles.
About the Icons On Patent Application ListAbout The Icons On the List Below
- The icon takes you to the full text version of the patent application at USPTO;
- The icon takes you to the PDF version of the patent application at USPTO; and
- The icon takes you to the details about the patent on the FedInvent Details page.
- When you use the icon the patent application you are interested appears at the top of the list on the details page.
| Class |
|---|
Count of patent applications funded by The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).
| Department | Agency | This Week | This Year |
|---|---|---|
| Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) | 65 | 3602 |
| National Institutes of Health (NIH) | 61 | 3463 |
| National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) | 10 | 537 |
| National Cancer Institute (NCI) | 9 | 882 |
| National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) | 7 | 313 |
| National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) | 7 | 512 |
| National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) | 6 | 250 |
| National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) | 6 | 432 |
| National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) | 5 | 119 |
| NIH Office of the Director (NIHOD) | 4 | 92 |
| National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) | 3 | 269 |
| National Institute on Aging (NIA) | 3 | 147 |
| National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) | 3 | 116 |
| National Eye Institute (NEI) | 2 | 124 |
| National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) | 1 | 42 |
| National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) | 1 | 62 |
| National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) | 1 | 88 |
| National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) | 1 | 98 |
| National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) | 1 | 42 |
| National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) | 1 | 93 |
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | 1 | 22 |
| Center for Global Health (CGH) | 1 | 2 |
| Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR) | 1 | 27 |
| Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) | 1 | 24 |
Higher Education Research and Development (HERD)
FedInvent follows the HERD the Higher Education Research and Development institutions — the colleges and universities; research institutions, and medical schools that benefit from federal funding and rely on it to make important discoveries that drive American innovation. Taxpayer funded patents coming from mostly American and sometime foreign universities are an important indicia of the vitality of the American innovation ecosphere.
MEMBERS OF THE HERD
The National Science Foundation (NSF) Higher Education Research and Development (HERD) Survey is the primary source of information on R&D expenditures at 916 US colleges and universities that expended at least $150,000 in separately accounted for R&D in the fiscal year. We use the NSF list to keep track of which colleges and universities are receiving taxpayer-funded patents and filing patent applications.
WATCH This SPACE
We're working on our data analytics and will be reporting taxpayer-funded patents and patent applications shortly. In the meantime, FedInvent will post interesting information about the HERD Innovation Ecosphere here.
Top Ten Universities By R&D Expenditures
- Johns Hopkins University
- University of Michigan
- University of Washington
- University of California, San Diego
- University of California, San Francisco
- Columbia University in the City of New York
- Stanford University
- University Pittsburgh
- University Pennsylvania
- Duke University
Patent Applications by Scientific Domain.
This section contains the number of patents organiized by high level scientific and technical domain. The data is arranged by the first Cooperative Patent Classification System (CPC) patent symbol assigned to the patent. This indicates the scope and nature of the patented invention for a patent or a patent application.
Global patent offices use patent classification as their lingua franca — the common language — for exchanging information about inventions and what scientific and technical art a patent contains. The classifications assigned to a patent are used by patent examiners to find prior art and to determine if a particular patent's claims are novel. Patent classifications are also used for global enforcement of patent rights, treaties, and agreements.
| Class | Class Definition | First (Original) |
Inventive (CrossRef) |
|---|---|---|---|
| CPC A61 | Medical or Veterinary Science; Hygiene | 31 | 171 |
| CPC C07 | Organic Chemistry | 13 | 66 |
| CPC C12 | Biochemistry; Beer; Spirits; Wine; Vinegar; Microbiology; Enzymology; Mutation or Genetic Engineering | 11 | 49 |
| CPC G01 | Measuring; Testing | 8 | 39 |
| CPC G06 | Computing; Calculating; Counting | 6 | 36 |
| CPC H01 | Basic Electric Elements | 7 | 31 |
| CPC B01 | Physical or Chemical Processes or Apparatus in General | 6 | 22 |
| CPC H04 | Electric Communication Technique | 6 | 12 |
| CPC G02 | Optics | 2 | 14 |
| CPC H05 | Electric Techniques Not Otherwise Provided for | 2 | 10 |
| CPC B29 | Working of Plastics; Working of Substances in a Plastic State in General | 3 | 6 |
| CPC A01 | Agriculture; Forestry; Animal Husbandry; Hunting; Trapping; Fishing | 2 | 6 |
| CPC C08 | Organic Macromolecular Compounds; Their Preparation or Chemical Working-up; Compositions Based Thereon | 2 | 6 |
| CPC G16 | Information and Communication Technology [ICT] Specially Adapted for Specific Application Fields | 3 | 4 |
| CPC B07 | Separating Solids From Solids; Sorting | 1 | 6 |
| CPC B23 | Machine Tools; Metal-working Not Otherwise Provided for | 1 | 4 |
| CPC C23 | Coating Metallic Material; Coating Material With Metallic Material; Chemical Surface Treatment; Diffusion Treatment of Metallic Material; Coating by Vacuum Evaporation, by Sputtering, by Ion Implantation or by Chemical Vapour Deposition, in General; Inhibiting Corrosion of Metallic Material or Incrustation in General | 1 | 4 |
| CPC E06 | Doors, Windows, Shutters, or Roller Blinds in General; Ladders | 1 | 4 |
| CPC B63 | Ships or Other Waterborne Vessels; Related Equipment | 1 | 3 |
| CPC C22 | Metallurgy; Ferrous or Non-ferrous Alloys; Treatment of Alloys or Non-ferrous Metals | 1 | 3 |
| CPC F16 | Engineering Elements and Units; General Measures for Producing and Maintaining Effective Functioning of Machines or Installations; Thermal Insulation in General | 1 | 3 |
| CPC G10 | Musical Instruments; Acoustics | 1 | 3 |
| CPC G21 | Nuclear Physics; Nuclear Engineering | 2 | 1 |
| CPC B60 | Vehicles in General | 1 | 2 |
| CPC B64 | Aircraft; Aviation; Cosmonautics | 1 | 2 |
| CPC C30 | Crystal Growth | 1 | 2 |
| CPC G05 | Controlling; Regulating | 1 | 2 |
| CPC H03 | Basic Electronic Circuitry | 1 | 2 |
| CPC F01 | Machines or Engines in General; Engine Plants in General; Steam Engines | 2 | 0 |
| CPC B81 | Microstructural Technology | 1 | 1 |
| CPC F02 | Combustion Engines; Hot-gas or Combustion-product Engine Plants | 1 | 1 |
| CPC F28 | Heat Exchange in General | 1 | 1 |
| CPC F42 | Ammunition; Blasting | 1 | 1 |
| CPC A42 | Headwear | 1 | 0 |
| CPC B09 | Disposal of Solid Waste; Reclamation of Contaminated Soil | 1 | 0 |
| CPC H02 | Generation; Conversion or Distribution of Electric Power | 1 | 0 |
Count of Inventors by Country and U.S. State
Patent Applications by country and state based on location information of first named inventors and all listed inventors.
| Country | First Named Inventors | All Inventors |
|---|---|---|
| United States of America | 123 | 440 |
| Japan | 1 | 6 |
| Canada | 1 | 5 |
| United Kingdom | 1 | 2 |
| Austria | 0 | 1 |
| China PRC | 0 | 1 |
| New Zealand | 0 | 1 |
| Panama | 0 | 1 |
| Sweden | 0 | 1 |
| Taiwan | 0 | 1 |
| Viet Nam | 0 | 1 |
| U.S. State | First Named Inventors | All Inventors |
| California | 26 | 101 |
| Massachusetts | 11 | 35 |
| Texas | 10 | 28 |
| Maryland | 8 | 37 |
| Pennsylvania | 6 | 19 |
| Washington | 6 | 18 |
| New York | 6 | 16 |
| Florida | 5 | 14 |
| Arizona | 4 | 7 |
| Virginia | 3 | 17 |
| Michigan | 3 | 16 |
| Colorado | 3 | 14 |
| Indiana | 3 | 12 |
| Tennessee | 3 | 11 |
| Wisconsin | 3 | 11 |
| Minnesota | 3 | 10 |
| Ohio | 3 | 10 |
| Connecticut | 3 | 6 |
| New Hampshire | 2 | 13 |
| Oregon | 2 | 7 |
| Idaho | 2 | 5 |
| Kansas | 2 | 3 |
| New Jersey | 1 | 5 |
| Illinois | 1 | 3 |
| Missouri | 1 | 3 |
| New Mexico | 1 | 3 |
| Maine | 1 | 2 |
| South Carolina | 1 | 2 |
| North Carolina | 0 | 4 |
| Utah | 0 | 3 |
| Arkansas | 0 | 1 |
| Kentucky | 0 | 1 |
| Mississippi | 0 | 1 |
| Montana | 0 | 1 |
| Oklahoma | 0 | 1 |
Count of Assignees and Applicants by Country and U.S. State
Patent Applications by country and state based on location information of Assignees and Applicants.
| Country | Assignees | Applicants |
|---|---|---|
| United States of America | 49 | 148 |
| Japan | 3 | 3 |
| Canada | 1 | 1 |
| United Kingdom | 1 | 1 |
| U.S. State | Assignees | Applicants |
| California | 7 | 28 |
| Massachusetts | 6 | 13 |
| Pennsylvania | 5 | 10 |
| Maryland | 3 | 11 |
| Texas | 3 | 9 |
| New York | 3 | 7 |
| Washington | 3 | 7 |
| Virginia | 2 | 5 |
| Idaho | 2 | 4 |
| Oregon | 2 | 3 |
| Arizona | 1 | 5 |
| Indiana | 1 | 4 |
| Colorado | 1 | 3 |
| Michigan | 1 | 3 |
| Minnesota | 1 | 3 |
| Missouri | 1 | 2 |
| New Hampshire | 1 | 2 |
| Maine | 1 | 1 |
| North Carolina | 1 | 1 |
| Rhode Island | 1 | 1 |
| South Carolina | 1 | 1 |
| Wyoming | 1 | 1 |
| Wisconsin | 0 | 5 |
| District of Columbia | 0 | 3 |
| Florida | 0 | 3 |
| Tennessee | 0 | 3 |
| Connecticut | 0 | 2 |
| Kansas | 0 | 2 |
| Ohio | 0 | 2 |
| Illinois | 0 | 1 |
| New Mexico | 0 | 1 |
| Utah | 0 | 1 |
Technology Center Explainer
How Tech Centers and Art Units Are Organized And Why It Matters
The USPTO's patent corps is organized into Technology Centers (TCs), groups of patent examiners with specific scientific and technical domain expertise. Technology Centers are further divided into Art Units (AUs) organized by major types of inventive art within a scientific or technical domain. Art Units are organized into Group Art Units, even more specialized and granular teams of examiners.
Group Art Units (GAUs) are where patent examiners prosecute patent applications. Patent applications are docketed to examiners based on of specific subject matter classifications of a particular GAU.
Understanding Technology Centers, Art Units and Group Art Units helps you understand what type of inventions are being prosecuted within each scientific and technical domain, how long it takes from the date a patent application is filed to the time a final decision on the patentability of the invention is made.
Patents examined here cover:
| Art Unit | Technical & Scientific Domains |
|---|---|
| 1610 | Organic Compounds: Bio-affecting, Body Treating, Drug Delivery, Steroids, Herbicides, Pesticides, Cosmetics, and Drugs |
| 1620 | Organic Chemistry |
| 1630 | Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Nucleic Acids, Recombinant DNA and RNA, Gene Regulation, Nucleic Acid Amplification, Animals and Plants, Combinatorial/ Computational Chemistry |
| 1640 | Immunology, Receptor/Ligands, Cytokines Recombinant Hormones, and Molecular Biology |
| 1650 | Fermentation, Microbiology, Isolated and Recombinant Proteins/Enzyme |
| 1660 | Plants |
About Plant Patents
Plant Patents are granted by the Government to an inventor who has invented or discovered and asexually reproduced a distinct and new variety of plant, other than a tuber propagated plant or a plant found in an uncultivated state. If you've ever eaten a pluot, you've enjoyed the fruit of a plant patent.
Plant patent numbers begin with a "PP" followed by a five digit number. The first Plant Patent was issued in 1931. Plant patents are valid for 20 years from the filing date.
Patents examined here cover:
| Art Unit | Technical & Scientific Domains |
|---|---|
| 1710 | Coating, Etching, Cleaning, Single Crystal Growth |
| 1720 | Fuel Cells, Batteries, Solar Cells, Liquid Crystal Composition |
| 1730 | Metallurgy, Metal Working, Inorganic Chemistry, Catalysts, Electrophotography, Photolithography |
| 1740 | Tires, Adhesive Bonding, Glass/Paper making, Plastics Shaping & Molding |
| 1760 | Organic Chemistry, Polymers, Compositions |
| 1770 | Chemical Apparatus, Separation and Purification, Liquid and Gas Contact Apparatus |
| 1780 | Miscellaneous Articles, Stock Material, Adhesive Composition, Fabrics |
| 1790 | Food, Analytical Chemistry, Sterilization, Biochemistry, Electrochemistry |
Patents examined here cover:
| Art Unit | Technical & Scientific Domains |
|---|---|
| 2110 | Coating, Etching, Cleaning, Single Crystal Growth |
| 2120 | Miscellaneous Articles, Stock Material, Adhesive Composition, Fabrics |
| 2130 | Fuel Cells, Batteries, Solar Cells, Liquid Crystal Composition |
| 2140/2170 | Metallurgy, Metal Working, Inorganic Chemistry, Catalysts, Electrophotography, Photolithography |
| 2150/2160 | Tires, Adhesive Bonding, Glass/Paper making, Plastics Shaping & Molding |
| 2180 | Organic Chemistry, Polymers, Compositions |
| 2190 | Chemical Apparatus, Separation and Purification, Liquid and Gas Contact Apparatus |
Patents examined here cover:
| Art Unit | Technical & Scientific Domains |
|---|---|
| 2410/2460/2470 | Multiplex, VoIP |
| 2420 | Cable and Television |
| 2430/2490 | Cryptography and Security |
| 2440/2450 | Computer Networks |
| 2480 | Recording and Compression |
Patents examined here cover:
| Art Unit | Technical & Scientific Domains |
|---|---|
| 2610 | Computer Graphic Processing, 3D Animation, Display Color Attribute, Object Processing, Hardware and Memory |
| 2620 | Selective Visual Display Systems |
| 2630 | Digital and Optical Communications |
| 2640 | Telecommunications: Analog Radio Telephone; Satellite and Power Control; Transceivers, Measuring and Testing; Bluetooth; Receivers and Transmitters; Equipment Details |
| 2650 | Videophones and Telephonic Communications; Audio Signals; Digital Audio Data Processing; Linguistics, Speech Processing and Audio Compression |
| 2660 | Digital Cameras; Image Analysis; Applications; pattern Recognition; Color and Compression; Enhancement and Transformation |
| 2670 | Facsimile; Printer; Color; halftone; Scanner; Computer Graphic Processing; 3-D Animation; Display Color; Attributes; Object Processing; Hardware and Memory |
| 2680 | Telemetry and Code Generation; Vehicles and System Alarms; Selective Communication; Dynamic Storage Systems; Mechanical parts of Disk Drives; Signal Processing and Control Processing in Disk Drives |
| 2690 | Selective Visual Display Systems |
More broadly TC 2800 Art Units cover Semiconductors/Memory, Circuits/Measuring and Testing, Optics/Photocopying, Printing/Measuring and Testing.
Patents examined here cover:
| Art Unit | Technical & Scientific Domains |
|---|---|
| 2810/2820/2890 | Semiconductors/Memory |
| 2830/2840 | Electrical Circuits and Systems |
| 2850/2860 | Printing/Measuring and Testing |
| 2870/2880 | Optics |
About Design Patents
The design FOR an article. Not to the design OF an article.
Patents examined here cover Design patents cover the appearance of an article. The design for an article consists of the visual characteristics embodied in or applied to an article. Since a design is manifested in appearance, the subject matter of a design patent application may relate to the configuration or shape of an article, to the surface ornamentation applied to an article, to the combination of configuration and surface ornamentation.
Design is inseparable from the article to which it is applied and cannot exist alone merely as a scheme of surface ornamentation. It must be a definite, preconceived thing, capable of reproduction and not merely the chance result of a method.
Design patent numbers begin with a "D" followed by a six-digit number. The first Design Patent was issued in 1843. The term of a design patent is 15 years measured from the date of grant if the design application was filed on or after May 13, 2015 (or 14 years if filed before May 13, 2015).
Patents examined here cover:
| Art Unit | Technical & Scientific Domains |
|---|---|
| 3610 | Surface Transportation |
| 3620 | Business Methods — Incentive Programs, Coupons; Operations Research; Electronic Shopping; Health Care; Point of Sale, Inventory, Accounting; Cost/Price, Reservations, Shipping and Transportation; Business Processing |
| 3630 | Static Structures, Supports and Furniture |
| 3640 | Aeronautics, Agriculture, Fishing, Trapping, Vermin Destroying, Plant and Animal Husbandry, Weaponry, Nuclear Systems, and License and Review |
| 3650 | Material and Article Handling |
| 3660 | Computerized Vehicle Controls and Navigation, Radio Wave, Optical and Acoustic Wave Communication, Robotics, and Nuclear Systems |
| 3670 | Wells, Earth Boring/Moving/Working, Excavating, Mining, Harvesters, Bridges, Roads, Petroleum, Closures, Connections, and Hardware |
| 3680 | Business Methods — Incentive Programs, Coupons; Electronic Shopping; Business Cryptography, Voting; Health Care; Point of Sale, Inventory, Accounting; Business Processing, Electronic Negotiation |
| 3690 | Business Methods — Finance/Banking/ Insurance |
Patents examined here cover:
| Art Unit | Technical & Scientific Domains |
|---|---|
| 3710 | Amusement and Education Devices |
| 3720 | Manufacturing Devices and Processes, Machine Tools and Hand Tools |
| 3730 | Sheet Container Making, Package Making, Receptacles, Shoes, Apparel, and Tool Driving or Impacting |
| 3740 | Thermal and Combustion Technology, Motive and Fluid Power Systems |
| 3750 | Fluid Handling and Dispensing |
| 3760 | Refrigeration, Vaporization, Ventilation, and Combustion |
| 3770 | Medical & Surgical Instruments, Treatment Devices, Surgery and Surgical Supplies |
| 3780 | Body Treatment, Kinestherapy, and Exercising |
FedInvent Patents
Each week FedInvent analyzes newly granted patents and published patent applications whose origins lead back to funding from the US federal government. We assemble a weekly patent catalog and analyze the inventions, the inventors, and the entities who received the patents. We map the patents back to the agency that funded the R&D that led to the new invention. FedInvent uses the funding opportunity descriptions, the grants, and the contracts that define the research areas of interest ,and the R&D policies and priorities of that drove and are driving the funding to organize each week's patents.
ABOUT OUR DATA
The weekly patent catalog includes patents with government interest statements indicating federal funding; and patents where the assignee, the owner of the invention, is the federal government. This includes work on federal grants, work on federal contracts, innovation by Federal Research and Development Centers (FFRDCs) funded by Federal Departments, and University Affiliated Research Centers funded by DoD.
Not every inventor is a government contractor. There are many inventions conceived and patented by scientists and engineers working for the federal government or serving in the military.
THE NUMBERS MAY NOT MATCH THE NUMBER OF PATENTS WE ANALYZE EACH WEEK
The numbers in the tables presented on this page will not add up to the number of patents granted each week because patents are counted by each agency that funded the creation of the invention. Patents and funding have a many-to-many relationship. One patent may have more than one funding grant or contract associated with it. A grant or contract may lead to more than one patent. More than one agency may have funded the inventors or the contract. More than one university or business may have worked together on an invention. When we report the numbers here, we associate a patent with all of the entities and funding that are reflected on the patent and report them to you. This approach presents a more complete picture of what's going on in the federal innovation ecosphere. Put another way, the numbers in the tables presented on this page may not always add up to the number of patents each week because patents are counted by each agency that funded the creation of the invention.